11/22/63 by Stephen King

Jake Epping couldn’t cry.  His wife left him because of his “nonexistent emotional gradient.”  He didn’t cry at his father-in-law’s funeral, not even at his parents’ funerals.  But he cried when his collie, Rags, was killed because he felt responsible for the dog’s death, and when he received the news of his mother’s sudden death.  He cried when he read a paper written by a disabled student in his adult education class, Hoptoad Harry.  With this introduction, Stephen King in his latest novel, 11/22/63, set the emotional mood in this novel filled with sentimentality and reflection surrounding the pivotal event of John F. Kennedy’s assassination on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas.

This introspective novel started with the musing of the precariousness of fate.  “Life turns on a dime.” The plot began with Jake reading Harry’s paper, “The Day That Changed My Life.”  In one fateful night, Harry, born a normal, happy child, became a cripple whose best achievement is being able to maintain his janitorial job at the high school.  Harry’s poignant account of the night his father murdered his family and crippled him brought “real tears, the kind that come from deep inside” out of Jake.  Changing Harry’s circumstance formed the initial motivation for Jake when Al, of Al’s diner, bequeathed the time portal in his pantry to him.  This time portal took him to the exact same time in1958 each time.  Each trip to 1958 is a reset.  Al had made frequent trips to buy cheap hamburgers for the diner.  But the trip to get hamburgers turned into missions.  It started with the urge to change the life of a woman Al had a crush on, then included the  attempt to prevent John F. Kennedy’s assassination.  Unsuccessful in his attempt and dying of cancer, Al chose Jake as the best replacement for the job to save JFK.

Throughout this lengthy novel, questions were raised about the morality and impact of disturbing the events of history, hinging on the chaos theory of the butterfly effect.  In the butterfly effect, a small initial condition can snowball into a huge event, as in the fluttering of a butterfly’s wing causing atmospheric change, thereby producing a tornado elsewhere.  However, this is not a science fiction novel, but a novel about treasuring and living with what you have, and making the best of what fate has given you, even if at any moment fate can change on a dime. It is also about the realization that all our lives are tenuous and changeable, “Who can know when life hangs in the balance, or why?”  Perhaps King’s latest novel was brought about by his reflection on his own life, his near poverty as a low-salaried teacher and unknown author, to his fame and wealth as a highly successful author, screen writer and director, to his near-fatal accident.  The dime turned often in his life.

This enjoyable book was filled with vivid and sentimental description as Jake, now as George T. Amberson, left the pantry into a world where everything tastes good and natural, and people are polite and reserved.  But it is also a world where the politeness masks a deep racism and hatred of anything that is different.  George was torn between loving the homey, innocent feel that is rare in the 21st century, and hating the underlying ostracizing of society’s fringe groups.  Most of this thick book was not focused on the assassination, but George’s loving interaction with the people in the town of Jodi and a love affair with a librarian, while he awaits for Oswalt’s movement.  This is where King is at his best, as each of his characters come alive.  They can be your neighbor down the street with real, human dialogues.  Mixed in with interactions that warms the heart and creates tears of sadness, is the foreshadowing that made King such a master of horror.  We are given ominous warnings of possible terrible things to come from George messing with time, with cautions about the butterfly effect,  that the past is obdurate and will do whatever it will to prevent change, even horrible things.  Harmonic echoes abound as obvious similarities are repeated in people and places George encounters, each echoing becoming higher in pitch, much as the air disturbance caused by the fluttering of a butterfly’s wing evolving into a tornado, as the music from the harmonic echoes reaches an ear-piercing pitch.

With his skillful approach to storytelling full of realistic human interaction, his usual way of making each interaction full of emotions, whether it be anger, fear or tears, his ability to foreshadow so that the little flutterings end in a stormy climax, and his vivid detailing, King made 11/23/63 an entertaining, solid read that does not disappoint.  Get yourself a nice cup of tea.  You might not want to put the book down until you’re done.  Well, you might want to pause and flutter your arms a bit to see whether you can cause a tornado in Thailand.

Women and Men by Joseph McElroy

Link to Women and Men forum: Women and Men

Joseph McElroy’s Women and Men opens with a birthing scene. The woman is at a party flashing back to her experience of birthing the baby. The title “division of labor” sets the economic tone of labor and productivity that recalls Karl Marx’s Division of Labor . She was experiencing awful pain while her husband Shay, formerly David, was below awaiting the birth of their child. He was paying attention and documenting everything, but can never really know her pain. She had her husband, the young male obstetrician and two nurses with her, but she felt alone in company. They both coached her as she labored to push the baby out. She, who was usually the healthy one, became the invalid, not invalid, but being fruitful and productive. The men never really saw her labor, but were looking forward to the fruit of her labor. She had become the model of productivity. The true experience of her pain is in the unspoken void, a personal experience that she can never completely communicate to others. “Between us, it was what marriage was all about. We suffer alone. We are not alone...” She felt that he felt “that he could share her labor only by not looking back at her.”

This sets the tone for the book of an allegory for the economic balance in relationships stemming from personal relationships, history and ecology.  Each relationship involves accessing the gain and cost, goods substitution to maintain satisfaction, changing value depending on supply and demand, and negotiations between parties on a promised future.

This book is divided into 33 chapters of the all-caps, the small-caps, and the traditional caps, and categorized according to meaning.  Each chapter is whole in its storytelling.  Even if a chapter is not directly related to the main story line, it imparts an important message that helps to understand the main story.

ALL-CAPS and normal case:
These are the key chapters in the book that most relay the character, ideas and plot of the book.  Of these, the five Breathers are the most disorienting since they are not in the linear narrative, but are meant to express clues from a simultaneity of times, point of views, and synecdoches.  They represent the process of the metaphorical current moving in and out of the ecosystem, of fragments of sound coming from varying sources, of echoes from history.  Breathers are the live, breathing entities, the you, me and “the breather Jim Mayn”.  Reading this massive novel involves taking a pause in your breathing to listen to the void, what is not explicitly communicated in the novel, but an amalgamate of information that tells an implicit message.

Among the characters present in the Breathers are the faceless Interrogators, who change in persons.  They are the questioning perplexed ones, the ones who want to understand but are unable to.  The balance to the Interrogators are the Angels, perhaps souls waiting to reborn as humans, listening and learning the lessons before they become wardens of their area of human existence.

SMALL-CAPS:
They are McElroy’s short stories that are an aside to the main plot, but offer significant clues to understanding the book.  They start with the “unknown” grouping, “division of labor unknown”, “the unknown sound”, and “dividing the unknown between us”.  “division of labor unknown” tells of the not knowing of the labor between the husband and wife, as the wife becomes annoyed at her husband’s inability to comprehend her tremendous birthing experience or labor.  The title also refers to Karl Marx’s theory that says labor is value.  In “the unknown sound”, a woman hears a sound that the man is unable to help her pinpoint, foretelling McElroy’s symbolic usage of sound as fragments of information (and  information as fragments of sound) that one has to listen to carefully to understand.  In “dividing the unknown between us”, the husband and wife shares unspoken knowledge as if through telepathy, foreshadowing the collective unconscious theme of Women and Men, the merging of shared histories and knowledge.

From the “unknown”s are the other small-cap chapters.  “still life: sisters sharing information” is the first of the mistaken identities that require that attention need to be paid to get the right meaning.  The two women exchange information, one about her husband, the other about her boyfriend, both coincidentally named Dave.  With a dizzyingly fragmented information style, much as they’re received fractiously in life, the two women discovered that it is the same man.  But the main effect is on the disoriented reader.  With this chapter, McElroy prepares the reader for more of the same throughout the book.

“the departed tenant” and “the future” is about the meaning of voids left by an entity.  “the departed tenant” features a character who is not really there, the former tenant who calls concerned about the welfare of the present tenant.  Interpretations and misinterpretations abound as the tenant and her boyfriend worry about the motive for the former tenant’s solicitousness.  “the future” features the anxious void left by the robber of a restaurant, and everyone trying to make sense of the robbery.  The void is a major theme throughout the book, with the major one being Sarah’s disappearance presumably by suicide.

Next are the “known bits” set.  The facts are arranged in alphabetical sequence with “known bits I” starting with the letter “a” and “known bits III” ends with the fact grouping of “y”.  The “known bits” feature the bike messenger “Jimmy Banks” as he connects the characters via messages exchanged between them.  Acting only as messaging machine, Banks was given all these significant information but lacks the perception or need to make sense of them.  With this loss of significant information, McElroy tells us that “people mattered” in their ability to perceive through multiple senses, and to perceive what is not materially there.

“the unknown saved”, “the message for what it was worth”, “daughter of the revolution”, and “news” are short stories about the inadequacy of transmitting information.

“rent” is about the economics of renting a bike. A man took his six-year-old daughter, Sarah, to rent a bike.  The father’s thought is consumed with the economics of renting versus buying. He’s weighing time versus money, wondering how long she would use it before she outgrows the bike. He wonders “if wealth was a claim on someone else’s labor”, he’s only claiming the labor of someone taking the bike out of storage. Then again, the rental people are exerting a claim on his labor, since he gave them cash for the rental. He’s also expending labor in order to buy and maintain the bike. Sarah had the greatest claim on him, but she’s not paying. He’s paying the rental people “to give Sarah his labor.” He ponders, “What did it cost Sarah to rent him?”

MAIN RELATIONS

In the future at Locus T, two people are standing upon a four-cornered alloy metal plate in a line of pairs waiting to be transported to an Earth-Moon frontier colony.  Unbeknownst to them, they will arrive as one.  For economy purpose, they are transformed from a pair into a unit.  Such is James Mayn’s flashes of a memory of a future where he has been, and not in a dream, because he doesn’t dream.  He wonders, “... what the two transformed to one are transferred to, where do they wind up besides together?”  Besides confusing flashes of a future that he has been, Jim, a business and technology journalist, is lost in the memory of the possible drowning suicide and disappearance of his mother, Sarah, and remembrances of his grandmother Margaret’s cryptic autobiographical tale of the East Far Eastern Princess’ journey to the wild west, she being the East Far Eastern Princess.

In 1885, twelve-year-old Margaret was in New York harbor on Bedloe’s Island when the Statue of Liberty was being uncrated.  She was with her father who was documenting the event for his recently acquired small New Jersey newspaper.  She was gazing inside the face of the statue seeing that there was a touch of Native American to the face, when she met the old Hermit-Inventor of New York.  The Hermit-Inventor would show up several times more, during Sarah’s disappearance and in Jim’s adult years when the Hermit lived in a Greenwich Village railroad flat predicting New Weather that would foretell a great change.  The Hermit-Inventor told Margaret to "go west, young girl, that’s where you must go, and you will," and "Look her in the eye, you’ll see what she never will, a whole world outside tracing your window and bent like weather by light."  Margaret’s adventure in the west begins the tale of the East Far Eastern Princess.

The East Far Eastern Princess, on a giant bird, left her father the King of Choor for the New World to find monsters.  At the New World, she met her Navajo Prince on the night of the Night Sing and was led to his people.  There she encountered the Prince’s mother with a hole in her head brimming with demons and the Anasazi healer, a medicine man and seer who the Prince is apprenticed under.  Despite the fact that her giant carrier bird missed its food and began to eat the Navajo horses, it was a happy time with her beloved Navajo Prince where she learned about drying vegetables, weaving, crop-planting season, irrigation and birthing babies.  With the impending union of her son and the East Far Eastern Princess, the demons became louder and the mother died, thereby closing the hole in her head.  Thinking she caused the mother’s death, the Princess left on her giant bird.  The Navajo Prince, with a Colt pistol he acquired from the Anasazi healer on the night of the double moon (foreshadowing change and potential), followed the Princess to protect her.  His leaving caused his mother to come alive, with the hole, not a hole but an opening, in her head opening again.  Meanwhile, the Anasazi medicine man decided that it was time to leave the world.  Upon his death, instead of reincarnating, he transited to a cloud form in order to check for the “foam volcanoes” in the eastern states despite the hermit telling him of their nonexistence.  He predicted that a young person would “take responsibility for a new form of reincarnation.”

Simultaneously, the East Far Eastern Princess was also followed by her suitor Harflex (Alexander), a young man who was to eventually marry the headstrong and independent young woman.  After her bird was killed by a lightning bolt, the Hermit-Inventor helped turned her into a sun-drenched mist at the Statue to help her in her final journey back East to her home.  One account was that she went with the wind, leaving her Navajo Prince, who was hiding in the Statue’s head.  Another account was that the Princess disarmed the Prince, and took back the Colt revolver to change the course of history, a “common revolver that in all the hands Indian, Mexican, American that handled it, multiplied into perhaps a small arsenal in fact.”  Another account said that Harflex killed him.

After her time with the Navajos, Margaret went west after reading “the 1892 commissioner’s report and knew that medicine men were adjudged to be barbarous conjurers and got ten to thirty days in jail for a first offense” to do some reporting, visit the slaughterhouses, and see the Chicago World’s Fair.  She returned east partly with Coxey’s Army in their unemployment protest with Alexander trying to track her down.


Coxey's Army

Alexander and Margaret’s child Sarah was Jim’s mother, an emotionally distant talented violinist.  Ironically, Margaret, who fearlessly traversed the continent alone as a journalist and lived among the Navajos, suppressed Sarah’s independent soul when she wanted to live abroad in France.  Margaret carefully monitored Sarah’s 1925 visit to France for music studies at Fontainebleau.  There Sarah fell in love with a young violinist named Robaire and wanted to stay longer.  Her mother forbid the stay and forced her to return home.  There, Sarah withdrew from life and lived only through her music.  As an act of self-sabotage, she resigned herself to a loveless marriage with Mel Mayne, a tone-deaf journalist who became a “widowed scapegoat for his ignorance of life’s sweet mystery.  In a loveless marriage, Sarah had an affair with a married electrician, Bob Yard, that produced Jim’s half-brother Brad.  Mel himself had his own affairs.  In 1945,  Sarah disappeared at the Jersey shore and was presumed a drowning suicide.  Since there is no body, Jim considers her a void.  Before her disappearance, she had spoken to the Hermit-Inventor. Sarah “followed the strains of her violin conceivably, if you call that music waves.”

. . . ever drifting, drifting, drifting
On the shifting
Currents of the restless heart;
Till at length in books recorded,
They, like hoarded
Household words, no more depart . . .

Shiprock

In 1976, after years of feeling lost and a journalist’s career that takes him away from home often, Jim divorced Joy and left his two children, to end up at Ship Rock on Navajo land, as if there was a wind pushing him in a certain direction, like “hands on your back pushing you, or one hand there and the other not there or not much there”.  Ship Rock used to be inside a volcano and came “up from below.”   The Indians saw the rock from the volcano’s throat and said that the rock brought them there. They “told a story of how this deep-keeled Rock had brought them. As if it had not been here until they were. So they’re still at least tied for first.” Uncovered, this fifteen hundred feet high of sacred Indian symbol of the blood of monsters killed by the mythic Hero Twins is now visible thirty miles from the Four Corners Power Plant.  While the mythic Ship Rock used to be inside a fuming volcano, its technological neighbor emits cheap surface coal.  Looking at this rock that looks like a ship, hypothetical man Jim (here but in the future), thinks that “it brought him here.  And it will get him home.”


  Lagrangian Point

Jim’s sun is balanced by the feminist Grace Kimball's earth.  “Grace saw ahead into a future that looked back at her through the same eye with which she saw it, into a room without furniture. Her Body Room she would call it,... “  Grace, a descendent of various matrilineal Native American lines, sees a better and radical way of living to free the feminine selves from its patrilineal heritage.  She ran a Body-Self workshop that helps people to depart from the confines of societal restraints, and to free themselves to be the best that they can be.  Jim, who “was in future imagining our present as his past”, was the reverse of Nietzsche’s “will to power”.  Living in the same apartment complex, he never met Grace, but are related to her through their many relations, the libration points created by their pull.  They and “we are the relations between them”. Jim’s search “didn’t bring him, but did one day yield, Grace Kimball herself”, the representative of personal resolution and power.  A representative of the “weaker” sex and the poorer economy, Grace’s empowerment and economic growth creates a convergence for the future of the sexes.

OTHER RELATIONS

The complex web of connected characters include the Diva Luisa, a Chilean born opera singer with a Swiss passport.  She pressured an Ojibway medicine man to prescribe her a tapeworm to lose weight.  McElroy uses the tapeworm’s tracks, along with Coxey’s March and the Colt pistol, as a metaphor for the movement of history.  The Diva has an affair with a Chilean officer named Talca.  Luisa’s father is under house arrest in Chile and she hopes to persuade Talca to help her father.  Luisa’s friend Clara (both attend Grace’s workshop) is the wife of Mackenna, a Chilean economist who worked under Dr. Allende.  Jim Mayn is trying to get some information on the Chilean economist.

Sue, who is married to Marv, is strongly influenced by Grace’s workshop and made radical changes.  Their son, Larry Shearson, is an 18-year-old college freshman who lives in the same building as Jim Mayn. In Larry’s chapter, he refers to himself in an impersonal “one” to reflect being a statistic. He is sitting in Professor Rail’s Economics class. This chapter is heavily loaded with economic terms as Larry’s mind weaves in and out of noting the lecture and using economic metaphors when thinking about his relationships. Larry has a lot on his mind. Larry is unhappy with the new dynamic of the “ruling junta of their Open Marriage”, his parents’ marriage. Larry is going to a ball game with Jim.  He has a crush on Amy, a college drop-out who works as the Chilean Mckenna’s assistant.

Ray Spence (a.k.a. Ray Santee or Santee-Sioux), a sleazy fellow reporter, oftens tracks Jim to scoop him on the news.  He often changes his look for his detective work and is not above using underhanded means to get a story, and will sell any story to the highest bidder.  He soon became Jim’s mortal enemy, but did a 180 after discovering a truth about their linkage.

George Foley has his own unique chapter in OPENING IN THE VOID (smile).  He is a prisoner from whom Jim is trying to get information on the Chilean economist.  The chapter has him speaking in the second person communicating with Jim via a Colloidal Unconscious.  Foley later escaped from prison with his story.

SYSTEMS NOVEL

A decade in the making, Joseph McElroy’s Women and Men was published in 1987, a time when new theories about communication revolutionized how society was perceived, heralding the proliferation of the computer and its offspring, the internet.  It was also a time when the scientific world was revolutionized by mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot’s term “fractal” to describe the patterns in nature such as in a tree or a snowflake.  These patterns are self-similar yet defy topological boundaries.  Fractals are not limited to geometric patterns, but can also describe time, sound, economics, and practically everything in the universe that has organic growth, and as applied to the growth of information.  Claude Shannon, in his information theory, discussed the problem of transmission of information over “noise.”  He came up with theories in which data can be transmitted over “noise.”  About that time, Biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy came up with the general systems theory that describes the interrelations of systems as ultimately subunits of a whole.  For living or open systems, the rigid mechanistic models do not apply.  The interaction of the living systems are in continual motion and search for equilibrium.

In line with the information revolution, this fractal of a book used complex references freely as metaphors.  Time and point of views change without warning within the chapters containing the main plot lines.  Descriptions are given as shards of details and noise, much as if you’re standing in a crowd surrounded by conversations and sights.  According to the Wiki on this novel,

What follows is a version of the events in the novel arranged in a timeline. Large portions of the story are told in a "spiral" style, with a little bit told at first, then repeated with a little bit more, and so on. Often, multiple plotlines are advanced nearly simultaneously, in long rushing sentences that refer to minor details across the decades and centuries. As an example, some important characters go without a name until very late in the novel.

-Women and Men

It was such a privilege to read Women and Men written with uncompromising vision.  It’s the PoMo to beat all PoMo.  This tour de force managed to create a multiverse experience within a two-dimensional media.  If you're an intrepid reader with a thirst for knowledge, you won't finish this novel without having learned something about yourself as a reader.  Either that, or you won't finish this demanding novel, which is on Publisher's Weekly Top 10 Most Difficult Books list.